AIMS Implantation of single-lead VDD pacemakers is an established alternative to DDD pacing in patients with atrioventricular block. This study compares the long-term costs of both systems. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred and sixty patients with atrioventricular block received VDD or DDD pacemakers in alternating order. Primary costs of implantation included: devices, leads and operation ma...

BACKGROUND Dual chamber pacemakers (single chamber pacing dual chamber sensing cardiac pacemaker (VDD) and dual chamber pacing and sensing cardiac pacemaker (DDD)) are being used frequently in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to verify the safety and performance of the VDD and DDD pacing systems, and to evaluate the differences between two pacing modes with regard to atrial s...

Vitamin D and calcium are important nutrients for skeletal growth and bone health. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency (VDD). VDD, with or without dietary calcium deficiency, can lead to nutritional rickets (NR), osteomalacia, and disturbances in calcium homeostasis. Multiple studies have linked VDD to adverse health outcomes in both childr...

Increased leakage current and device variability are the major challenges with CMOS technology scaling. Since Static Random Accessed Memory (SRAM) is often the largest component in the embedded digital systems or System-on-Chip (SoC), it is more vulnerable to those challenges. To effectively reduce SRAM leakage and/or active power, supply voltage (VDD) is often scaled down during standby and/or...

1. Abstract It has become apparent that as modern day large-scale systems become increasingly complex the traditional Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) Systems Engineering design philosophy is becoming problematic. The communication of preferences through requirements has resulted in arbitrarily chosen constraints and objective functions attempting to reflect the stakeholder’s desires...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate maintenance of proper VDD function, defined as persistence of sinus rhythm with atrial synchronous ventricular pacing, and to define factors predicting failure of the VDD mode in patients with atrioventricular (AV) block and normal sinus function. DESIGN Observational study in 86 consecutive patients (mean (SD) age 74 (12) years; 38 women, 48 men) with single lead VDD pa...

The subthreshold regime is a critical biasing space as it enables minimum energy operation for logic circuits [1]. However, practical systems rely heavily on SRAMs, which conventionally limit the minimum VDD to above Vt. SRAMs often dominate the total die area and power, and minimizing their energy requires scaling VDD as low as possible. In this work, a 256kb SRAM in 65nm CMOS is presented tha...

PURPOSE The increasing prevalence of breast feeding has led to concerns about vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children. We evaluated the prevalence of VDD in a population of Korean children with IDA and assessed the risk factors for VDD in these children. METHODS A total of 79 children who were diagnosed with IDA were prospectively surveyed from April 2010 to Ma...

A four-bit adder is simulated using HSPICE in two classic design methods: a ripple-carry adder (RCA) and a carry-look-ahead adder (CLA). All components of the adders are composed of PMOS, NMOS, and capacitors. The propagation delay and power dissipation were measured under different VDD values and different operating temperatures in HSPICE. A comparison of these two metrics were analyzed betwee...